Aneurysm

An aneurysm is a localized, balloon-like expansion in a blood vessel, caused by weak vessel walls. Symptoms may be non-existent, although an aneurysm near the surface of the skin may show a bulge and produce significant pain. As the aneurysm enlarges, the chance it will rupture increases; complications from the sudden breaking of an aneurysm are considered a medical emergency and can lead to sudden death or severe disability if the aneurysm occurs in the brain.

Types and Causes of an Aneurysm

There are several traits of an aneurysm to observe and consider when approaching surgical treatment.

First, the aneurysm may be true or false.

A true aneurysm results in the characteristic bulge of inner circulatory tissue being exposed through the outer tissue.

A false aneurysm is actually a slow leak in the vessel wall that pools up just beside the artery due to the surrounding tissue tightly encapsulating it.

There could also be an underlying condition that may be of importance to the attending physician; the aneurysm may be caused by a bacterial or fungal infection as well as atherosclerosis. Certain diseases, such as syphilis, may manifest as an aneurysm. Individuals with a copper deficiency and those with a blood clotting disorder are at disproportionately higher risk of developing an aneurysm.

Diagnosis of an Aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysms may be detected by manual examination by a physician, X-rays, ultrasound, CT scans, MR imaging and aortography. If a ruptured aneurysm is suspected, a lumbar puncture may be ordered to determine if there is any blood mixing with the cerebrospinal fluid.

Treatment of an Aneurysm

Surgery is recommended for arteries at great risk for rupture: those over six centimeters wide, and those four to six centimeters wide in patients otherwise in good health. Surgery is performed immediately on arteries that threaten imminent rupture or have already ruptured, although a successful outcome is far less likely once the vessel has burst.

Traditional surgery involves making an incision to open the abdomen, removing the aneurysm and replacing the excised vessel piece with synthetic tubing. Recent minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques require only small incisions, typically made to the femoral artery in the thigh, through which a thin tube with a camera is inserted so the surgeon can "see" inside the patient's body without the need for open surgery.

In the laparoscopic approach, a stent graft is inserted into one of the small incisions and guided up to the weak area of the artery with a catheter. Stent grafts are six-inch-long metal-mesh cylinders containing synthetic Dacron tubes. Once inside the artery they are expanded to fill the vessel, providing a strong new vessel wall and permitting uninterrupted blood flow. The aneurysm then generally shrinks around the stent graft as time passes.

Additional Resources

• MedlinePlus
• National Institute of Health
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
• U.S. National Library of Medicine
• WebMD

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